Pin creation system and method

ABSTRACT

A user may select or create a PIN at a non-secure input device, such as a web-enabled personal computer. PINs are stored at a financial host in encrypted form, as PIN offsets. The user selected PIN and a corresponding account number are sent in clear text form to the host, which selects a base PIN offset corresponding to the PIN. A host security module within the host converts the base PIN offset to an actual PIN offset using the actual account number. The actual PIN offset (corresponding to the new PIN and the account number) is then stored at the financial host.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

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REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems and methods for creating a PIN(personal identification number). The invention has utility in manycircumstances, such as where a consumer selected PIN is entered at anon-secure device. As an example, a non-secure device could be apersonal computer running a web-based application.

PINs are used widely to provide security in various transactions, suchas ATM, credit card, and other financial transactions. There are variousreasons why a consumer may, from time to time, change or select his orher own PIN. As one example, the PIN may have been initially assigned bya financial institution and the consumer (e.g., bank customer or thelike) may desire to change the PIN to numbers or characters that aremore easily remembered by the consumer.

The handling of PINs within a financial institution are subject tostringent security measures, to avoid being improperly disclosed ormisused. Many of these security measures have been formalized intoindustry standards, such as ISO 9564. Among other things, such standardsrequire that when PINs are stored at a financial institution's hostcomputer, they must always be stored in an encrypted form, so that evenif the host is compromised (e.g., an unauthorized person gets access),the actual PINs would not be recognizable.

An encrypted PIN stored at a financial host is often referred to as aPIN offset. The PIN offset is a string of characters calculated bycombining and encrypting both the consumer account number (oftenreferred to as a PAN or Primary Account number) and the actual PIN. Itis irreversible (it cannot be mathematically reversed or de-combined toyield the PIN without a private encryption key).

The security and handling of encrypted PINs within the host system (atthe financial institution) is typically performed by a system referredto as a host security module (HSM). For example, the HSM receives anencrypted PIN (e.g., transmitted from a financial terminal where atransaction is being attempted by a consumer), receives the stored PINoffset from financial host, decrypts the transmitted/encrypted PIN andcompares it to the stored PIN offset, and then either validates orinvalidates the transaction based on the comparison.

The HSM will not accept unencrypted PINs when it operates in its securemode (when it is in its normal, secure operating condition and isreceiving, decrypting, comparing and validating PINS), since there mustbe a high degree of security and PINs must not be exposed (other than tothe HSM) during such operation. The HSM may be selected for a non-secureor “administrative” mode of operation, when it can receive unencryptedPINs, but such mode is the exception (it makes the financial hostvulnerable to unauthorized access), and requires manual intervention(e.g., to operate in the administrative mode, it is common to requirethat two or more different employees to be present, with each having adifferent key that is separately inputted). There are currently manycommercially available HSM systems that may be programmed to operate asjust described, with examples being the Host Security Modules 7000 and8000, sold by Thales e-Security, Inc., Weston, Fla.

The high degree of security surrounding the handling of PINs, such as atan HSM, can make it difficult for a consumer to create a new PIN. Eitherthe PIN must be encrypted into a compatible form that can be accepted bythe HSM, or the HSM must be put in a non-secure state. In order toproperly encrypt the PIN using encryption techniques and keys compatiblewith the HSM, the consumer must enter the new PIN at a secure PIN paddevice (i.e., a device designed specifically for entry and encryption ofPINs), usually located at a bank or other secure location. While thismay be feasible if the consumer is at an ATM, bank branch or similarlocation having a PIN pad, it is not feasible if the consumer desires tochange the PIN at a location where there is no secure PIN pad, e.g.,when the consumer wants to use a personal computer at home. If theconsumer is not using a secure PIN pad, then the financial institutionmust manually put the HSM into a non-secure mode and, for example, havean employee take the consumer's new PIN and enter it into the financialhost while the HSM is in the non-secure mode.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for aconsumer to create or establish a PIN at a non-secure device, such as apersonal computer using a web-based application.

In one embodiment, a method for establishing a PIN includes capturingthe PIN from a user at an input device (e.g., personal computer),transmitting the captured PIN from the input device to a host, selectinga base encrypted PIN (e.g., base PIN offset) at the host correspondingto the captured PIN, using an actual identifier (actual account number)to convert the base encrypted PIN to a final encrypted PIN, and storingthe final encrypted PIN in the database of the host. Among other things,this enables a consumer/user to establish a PIN on a real-time, on-linebasis from a user device (e.g., without the HSM operating in theadministrative mode).

A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived byreferring to the detailed description of the invention and to theclaims, when considered in connection with the Figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a typical process for the handlinga PIN in a financial transaction (and generally illustrating the networkover which the flow of data takes place in such a transaction).

FIG. 2 illustrates a financial host system that could be used with theprocess of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a process used to create a PINwithout the features of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for creating a PINaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a network, including a financial host system of thetype seen in FIG. 2, and the flow of data within the network, that couldbe used with the process of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 illustrates two database tables (a Base PIN Offset Table and anActual PIN Offset Table) in the database of the host system seen in FIG.5.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the creation of base PIN offsetsin the Base PIN Offset Table of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

There are various embodiments and configurations for implementing thepresent invention. However, before describing those embodiments, anexplanation of basic PIN handling will first be described with referenceto FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Such a description will make it easier tounderstand various terms used in conjunction with later describedembodiments of the invention.

An example of typical process for PIN handling in a financialtransaction is shown in FIG. 1, which will be described in conjunctionwith FIG. 2. The transaction illustrated in FIG. 1 represents any one ofa number of common card-based transactions, such as a sales transactionat a merchant POS terminal, where a customer swipes a financial card(such as a credit or debit card) and enters a PIN in order toauthenticate the transaction (rather than, say, signing a paperreceipt). FIG. 2 shows the basic hardware components at a financial hostsystem 200. The system 200 may be located at and operated by a financialinstitution that maintains and stores PINs for user (customer) accounts.

Referring to FIG. 1, when a transaction is to be initiated, a useraccount number (also referred to as a primary account number or PAN) isentered or captured at a card reader 102 at step 104, and a PIN isentered or captured at a PIN pad device 106 at step 110. The card reader102 may be a conventional magnetic stripe reader for capturing theaccount number from a user's card. The PIN pad device 106 may also beconventional, with a keypad for the user to enter his or her PIN (whichhas been previously assigned by the card issuer or previously selectedby the user). At this point the PIN and the PAN may both exist in cleartext form (characters representing the actual, human-readable digits).The PIN pad device takes both the PIN and the PAN and, using a privateencryption key, encrypts both into a single string of characters knownas a PIN block, step 112. A point of sale (POS) system or server 114takes the PIN block (from the PIN pad 106) and the account number (PAN)from the card reader and transmits both over a transmission line 120 tothe host system 200, step 116. Given that the PIN is encrypted, thetransmission line need not be highly secure or encrypted itself. Itcould be a leased telephone line or similar transmission medium.

The host system 200 includes (as seen in FIG. 2) server 210, a database212, and a host security module (HSM) 214. The database 212 stores,among other things, encrypted PINs (known as PIN offsets), with onestored PIN offset corresponding to each account number (PAN) foraccounts maintained at the financial institution.

When the PIN block and the account number (PAN) are received at the hostsystem 200, they are provided to the HSM 214, and are used (along with aprivate key at the HSM) to convert or decrypt the Pin block into a PINoffset (step 122). The PIN offset is another encrypted form of the PIN(as originally entered at the key pad 106). At the same time, the PAN isalso provided to the server 210, which retrieves from the database thestored PIN offset corresponding to the PAN (step 124). At step 126, theHSM compares the PIN offset that it has previously extracted (at step122) from the PIN block with the PIN offset that has been previouslyretrieved (at step 124) from the database. If there is a correct match,the transaction is accepted. If there is not a match, the transaction isdeclined.

There are, of course, many other possible methods for PIN data to beencrypted. However, for purposes of security, it would normally bepreferred that the entered PIN be in an encrypted form (e.g., as a PINblock) before it is transmitted to the host system for validation, andthe stored PIN also be in an encrypted form (e.g., as a PIN offset) atthe database of the host system. The encrypted PIN block (fortransmission) and the encrypted PIN offset (for storage at the host)both include the PIN as an element, but may use different private keysand encryption techniques, as dictated by industry standards andpractices.

To further understand the nature of PIN encryption, the followingillustrates one example (in a progression of character strings) a PINblock created at the PIN pad using a PIN and a PAN, starting with aclear text PIN and a clear text PAN that are each entered or capturedfrom a user, where each of the clear text PIN and the clear text PAN arepadded with certain additional digits, where the padded clear text PINand padded clear text PAN are combined to create a clear text PIN block,and where the clear text PIN block is then encrypted to form the finalPIN block (for transmission to the host system):

Example Chart 1—PIN Block created from a PIN and a PAN

Clear Text PIN 1234 (entered at a PIN pad) Clear Text PIN Padded(CTPINP) 041234FFFFFFFFFF (“04” is added at the beginning of the string,and the string of characters “FFFFFFFFF” is added at the end) Clear TextPAN 5432109876543210 (received at the PIN pad from a card reader) ClearText PAN Padded (CTPANP) 0000210987654321 (at the PIN pad, the firstthree digits “543” and the last single digit “1” are dropped from thePAN, and “0000” is added at the beginning) Clear Text PIN Block041215F6789ABCDE (the CTPINP and CTPANP are combined at the PIN padusing an exclusive OR logical function) PIN Block 063121F8168BCB4B (theclear text PIN block is encrypted at the PIN pad using a private key)

To further understand PIN encryption, the following illustrates (in aprogression of character strings) the same PIN block and PAN received atthe HSM, where the HSM decrypts the PIN block, and converts(re-encrypts) the decrypted PIN block into a PIN offset (which is readyto be compared to a PIN offset stored in the database):

Example Chart 2—PIN Offset from PIN Block and PAN

PIN Block 063121F8168BCB4B (the PIN block received at the HSM) PAN5432109876543210 (the PAN received at the HSM) Decrypted PIN Block041215F6789ABCD (the PIN block decrypted at the HSM using a private key)PIN Offset 1014FFFFFFFF (PIN Block converted to a PIN offset (usinganother private key) for comparison to the PIN offset stored in thedatabase)

It should be appreciated from the forgoing that the PIN offset is notthe same string of characters as the clear text PIN, since the HSMleaves the PIN offset in an encrypted form that would not berecognizable to a human reader, but if desired the PIN offset could bedecrypted further by the HSM (using the private key) to yield the PIN ifit should be needed.

Having described PIN handling in a typical card-based transaction, therewill now be described with reference to FIG. 3 a common method used whenthe user selects or creates a new PIN. As seen in FIG. 3, the PAN iscaptured (step 304) at the card reader 102 and the new PIN is entered(step 310) at the PIN pad device 106. The PIN pad takes the PIN and PANand encrypts them into a PIN block (step 312), and the PIN Block and thePAN are then transmitted (step 316) from the POS system 114 over thetransmission line 120 to the host system 200. The HSM 214 (FIG. 2)converts the PIN block to a PIN offset (step 322) and the PIN offset isthen stored in the database 212 of the host system (step 324). In theillustrated example, the PIN offset is stored in the database (inrelation to the PAN), so that the PIN can be retrieved using the PAN.

As should be appreciated from FIG. 3 and the preceding discussion,common methods for creating a new PIN have required the new PIN beentered at PIN pad 106 (or a similar secure device) for properencryption of the PIN into a PIN block that can be transmitted to andsubsequently decrypted/converted at the HSM into a PIN offset. Unlessthe HSM 214 has been put into a non-secure state, a clear text PINcannot be transmitted to and accepted by the host system 200 (and HSM214).

One embodiment of the present invention will now be described withreference to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.

Before referencing the details of those figures, it should be mentionedthat one feature of the illustrated embodiment is the storage of basePIN offsets in the host system database. Base PIN offsets are temporaryor interim PIN offsets, with one base PIN offset corresponding to eachpossible PIN that could be selected by the user. Thus, as an example, iffour digit PINs are permitted, any one of ten thousand possible PINs(0000-9999) could be selected by the user, and thus ten thousandpossible base PIN offsets would be stored in the database 212. As afurther example, if six digit PINs are permitted, then any one of onemillion possible PINs (000000-999999) could be selected, and thus onemillion possible base PIN offsets would be stored in database 212.

The storage and use of base PIN offsets permit a clear text PIN to betransmitted to the host system. As will be explained in greater detailbelow, the base PIN offsets are created (and stored in the database) inadvance, by encrypting each possible PIN (e.g., ten thousand possiblePINS if four digit PINs are permitted) using a single base (universal)PAN. When a clear text PIN is received at the host system (along withthe user's PAN), the corresponding base PIN offset is retrieved, andthat base PIN offset is converted (at the HSM 214) into an actual PINoffset using the user's actual PAN. Thus, a clear text PIN ends up beingconverted into a PIN offset that can be securely stored in the database(corresponding to the newly selected PIN), without the HSM beingmanually operated in a non-secure mode.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a process 400 for selectinga new PIN for a specific user account or PAN, and storing acorresponding PIN offset for that PIN (and account) in the database 212,according to one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 will be describedin conjunction with FIG. 5, which more specifically illustrates thenetwork used with the process of FIG. 4, including a non-secure userdevice 406, the host system 500, and a transmission line or medium 420(e.g, the Internet). The host system 500 can be seen to include the sameelements as the earlier described host system 200 (i.e., server 210,database 212 and HSM 214), but is specifically programmed to carry outthe novel features illustrated in FIG. 4.

The user first enters his or her account number (PAN) at the user device406 (step 404). The user device 406 may be, in one example, a personalcomputer running a web-based application. In such an example, the user(when desiring to change a PIN) could use the device 406 to access thehost system 500 from his home, and without having to visit an ATM, bank,retail store or other location where a secure device (e.g., PIN pad 106)is present. The user enters his/her PAN (step 404) and enters the newPIN (step 410). The clear text PIN and PAN are transmitted at step 412over a transmission medium 420 (e.g., the Internet) to the host system500. The server 210 uses the PIN to look up in database 212 thecorresponding (and pre-calculated) base PIN offset for that PIN (step422), and provides the base PIN offset and the PAN to the HSM 214. TheHMS 214 uses the PAN to convert the base PIN offset to a real or actualPIN offset (step 424) that not only corresponds to the new PIN, but alsothe actual PAN of the user. The actual PIN offset is then stored in thedatabase (step 426) so that it may be used thereafter to validate PINsentered by the user in subsequent card-based transactions.

FIG. 6 illustrates two tables in the database 212, a Base PIN OffsetTable 610 and an Actual PIN Offset Table 612. The Table 610 stores basePIN offsets (a base PIN offset corresponding to each possible PIN) andTable 612 stores actual PIN offsets (the actual PIN offsetscorresponding to each user account number or PAN). Thus, in Table 612the PIN offsets represent (in encrypted form) original PINs assigned bya financial institution to users, or PINs that have subsequently beenselected and substituted by users (replacing original PINs).

It is assumed in FIG. 6 that PINs are all four digits, and thus thereare ten thousand possible base PIN offsets in Table 610, onecorresponding to each of ten thousand possible PINS (0000-99999). Asshould be apparent, Table 612 could be a conventionally configured witha single PIN offset for each PAN, with the number of PANs depending onthe number of accounts maintained by the financial institution.

FIG. 6 further illustrates the selection of a new PIN by a user and thecreation of an actual PIN offset corresponding to the new PIN.Specifically, for the PIN “1234” (illustrated previously above inconnection with Example Charts 1 and 2), a base PIN offset “7201” hasbeen stored in Table 610. In the illustrated Table 610, each and everybase PIN offset has been created (as will be described in greater detailbelow) using a single base or universal PAN. In the present embodiment,any predetermined base PAN could be used, as long as that same base PANis used for creating all base PIN offsets. As a first step in convertingthe base PAN offset into an actual PIN offset, the HSM 214 takes thebase PIN offset (“7201”) and, knowing that it has been created using thepredetermined base PAN, then uses a private encryption key to extractthe actual PIN (“1234”). The HSM then encrypts the actual PIN (“1234”)into an actual PIN offset corresponding to the actual PAN(“5432109876543210”) by using the same private encryption key. Thus theactual PIN offset is stored in the Table 612 corresponding to the actualPAN.

FIG. 7 illustrates the program steps in a process 700 executed by theserver 210 and HSM 214 in order to create the base PIN offsets that arestored in database Table 610.

Initially, at step 710, the HSM is put into administrative mode, inorder to enable the HSM to generate PIN offsets using a clear text PINas an input. As mentioned earlier, and as illustrated in FIG. 7, the HSM214 can be put into an administrative mode (non-secure mode) when twoemployees having authorization keys input those keys into the HSM. Inthe described embodiment this is done only once, i.e., when needed tocreate and store all possible base PIN offsets in the Table 612. Oncethe HSM is in the administrative mode, it creates the first base PINoffset, based on inputs of the base PAN and the initial PIN (“0000”)provided by the server 210, and the HSM encryption key. The encryptionkey may be already stored in the HSM or may be provided by the server210 for purposes of creating the base PIN offset. It is the same keythat is later used to convert base PIN offsets into actual PIN offsets(step 424, FIG. 4).

Once the first base PIN offset is created at the HSM, it is provided tothe server 210 for storage in Table 610 of the database 212 (step 714).The first base PIN offset is stored to correspond with the initial PIN(“0000”) in Table 610 (FIG. 6). The server 210 increments the PIN (step718), and the HSM creates the next base PIN offset, with inputs beingthe base PAN, the next (incremented) PIN, and the encryption key (step720). The process repeats, with each subsequent base PIN offset storedin the Table 610 at step 714 (based on incrementing PINs from the server210) until the last or final PIN is reached (step 730), at which time nofurther base PIN offsets remain and the administrative mode for the HSMis cancelled (step 732).

While a detailed description of presently preferred embodiments of theinvention have been given above, various alternatives, modifications,and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art withoutvarying from the spirit of the invention. As an example, while base PINoffsets are illustrated as being created using a single base PAN, othermethods would be available for creating the Table 612 (such as apredetermined base number or code rather than an actual account number),provided that the HSM is able to use an account number or otheridentifier corresponding to the account to convert the base PIN offsetinto an actual PIN offset. Further, while the description includesexemplary methods for creating PIN blocks and PIN offsets, many othermethods are possible for encrypting and decrypting PINs. Also, while afour digit PIN is shown in FIG. 6 for purposes of illustrating the basePIN offsets in Table 610, PINs may be other lengths (e.g., any even orodd number of digits), could be variable in length, and could bealpha-numerical or in other forms (e.g., user bio-metric measurements).Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting thescope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.

1. A method for establishing a PIN to be associated with an identifierand to be stored at a host, wherein the host includes a database thatstores PINs in encrypted form, the method comprising: capturing the PINfrom a user at an input device; transmitting the captured PIN from theinput device to the host; selecting a base encrypted PIN at the hostcorresponding to the captured PIN, wherein the base encrypted PIN hasbeen created using a base number rather than the identifier; using theidentifier to convert the base encrypted PIN to a final encrypted PIN;and storing the final encrypted PIN in the database of the host.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the captured PIN is an inputted clear textPIN.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the clear text PIN representshuman recognizable characters.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein theclear text PIN is a string of alphanumeric characters.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the captured PIN is based on user biometrics.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the encrypted PINs stored in the database arePIN offsets, wherein the base encrypted PIN is a base PIN offset, andwherein the final encrypted PIN is a final PIN offset.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the host further includes a security device that mayoperate in a mode for receiving PINs in encrypted form.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the security device is a host security module (HSM),wherein the mode for receiving PINs in encrypted form is a secure mode,and wherein the HSM accepts PINs only in encrypted form in the securemode.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the HSM in the secure modereceives an encrypted PIN in the form of PIN block when a user conductsa transaction and enters a PIN, and wherein the HSM converts the PINblock into a PIN offset in order to compare the converted PIN offset toa PIN offset stored in the database.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe PIN block received at the HSM is transmitted to the host by a secureinput device that converts a PIN entered by the user into a PIN block.11. The method of claim 10 wherein the secure input device is a PIN pad.12. The method of claim 10, wherein the identifier is an accountidentifier, wherein the account identifier is transmitted to the hostwith the PIN block, and wherein the HSM uses the account identifier anda private key to convert the PIN block into a PIN offset.
 13. The methodof claim 1, wherein the identifier is an account identifier.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the PIN and account identifier are bothassociated with financial account.
 15. The method of claim 14, whereinthe account identifier is a PAN.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein theinput device at which the PIN is captured is a non-secure input devicethat does not encrypt the PIN into a PIN block.
 17. The method of claim16, wherein is a non-secure device is a personal computer that isconnected to the host via the internet.
 18. A method for creating a userPIN to be stored at a financial host and to be associated with a accountidentifier, wherein the account identifier identifies an account of theuser, wherein the financial host has a database for storing the PIN inencrypted form as a PIN offset and wherein the PIN offset is encryptedusing a private key and the associated account identifier, the methodcomprising: inputting a selected PIN and an account identifier from auser at a non-secure input device connected to the host via theinternet; transmitting the inputted PIN and account identifier in cleartext form from the input device to the host; maintaining a plurality ofbase PIN offsets at the database of the host, each base PIN offsetcorresponding to one of each of the possible PINs selected by the user,and each base PIN offset created using a single base account identifier;selecting a base PIN offset from the database corresponding to theselected PIN inputted at the non-secure input device; using the accountidentifier inputted at the non-secure input device to convert the basePIN offset into an actual PIN offset corresponding to selected PIN andassociated with the inputted account identifier; and storing the actualPIN offset in the database of the host.
 19. A method for establishing aPIN to be associated with an account identifier of a user, wherein thehost includes a database that stores PINs in encrypted form as PINoffsets, the method comprising: creating a plurality of base PINoffsets, wherein each base PIN offset corresponds to one of eachpossible PIN to be established, and wherein all base PIN offsets arecreated using a single base identifier; and selecting one base PINoffset corresponding to the PIN being established; using the accountidentifier to convert the selected base PIN offset into an actual PINoffset associated with the account identifier; and storing the actualPIN offset in the database.
 20. A system for permitting a user toestablish a PIN, wherein the PIN corresponds to an account identifier ofthe user, and wherein PINs are stored in encrypted form, the systemcomprising: an input device for capturing from a user a PIN to beestablished and an account identifier corresponding to that PIN; a hostconnected for receiving the PIN and the account identifier captured atthe input device, the host comprising: a database; a server; and asecurity module; wherein the database includes: a first table forstoring encrypted PINs, each encrypted PIN corresponding to an accountidentifier; a second table for storing base encrypted PINs, with eachbase encrypted PIN corresponding to one of each possible PIN to beestablished by a user, and with all base encrypted PINs created using asingle base account identifier; wherein the server receives the PINcaptured at the input device and selects a base encrypted PIN from thesecond table corresponding to the captured PIN; wherein the securitymodule receives the selected base encrypted PIN from the second tableand receives the account identifier captured at the input device;wherein the security module converts the selected encrypted base PINinto a final encrypted PIN using the captured account identifier; andwherein the final encrypted PIN is stored in the first table as anencrypted PIN corresponding to the captured account identifier.
 21. Thesystem of claim 20, wherein the input device is a personal computer ofthe user that captures the PIN and account identifier in clear text formand provides the clear text PIN and account identifier to the host. 22.The system of claim 21, wherein the security module is a hardwaresecurity module (HSM) having a secure mode and a non-secure mode, andwherein the PIN is established with the HSM in the secure mode.
 23. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein the base encrypted PINs stored in the secondtable are encrypted using a private key, and wherein the HSM convertsthe selected base encrypted PIN into the final PIN using a private key.